Preferential X-chromosome inactivation, DNA methylation and imprinting.

Non-random X-chromosome inactivation in mammals was one of the first observed examples of differential expression dependent on the gamete of origin of the genetic material. The paternally-inherited X chromosome is preferentially inactive in all cells of female marsupials and in the extra-embryonic tissues of developing female rodents. Some form of parental imprinting during male and female gametogenesis must provide a recognition signal that determines the nonrandomness of X-inactivation but its nature is thus far unknown. In the mouse, the imprint distinguishing the X chromosomes in the extra-embryonic tissues must be erased early in development since X-inactivation is random in the embryonic cells. Random X-chromosome inactivation leads to cellular mosaicism in expression and differential methylation of active and inactive X-linked genes. Transgene imprinting shares many features with X-inactivation, including differential DNA methylation. In this paper we consider when methylation differences in early development affecting X-chromosome activity and imprinting are established. There are processes of methylation and demethylation occurring in early development, as well as changes in the activity of the DNA methylase itself. Methylation of a specific CpG site associated with activity of the X-linked PGK-1 gene has been studied. This site is already methylated on the inactive X chromosome by 6.5 days' gestation, close to the time of X-inactivation. However, differential methylation of this site is not the primary imprint marking the paternal X chromosome for preferential inactivation in the extra-embryonic membranes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)